6-HUC: HUCs (hydrologic unit codes) are a standard
hydrological classification system.
There are some 7,500 HUC-6s within the U.S. portion of the Columbia
River basin.
actual flows:
Flows as modified by upstream regulation and
diversion.
adiabatic mixing:
A meteorological event sometimes
called Chinook winds. This occurs when a cold front is warmed due to changes in
air pressure.
Alternative 2: A combination
of strategies that include breeching five hydroelectric projects,
improved hatcheries, and equal emphasis on improving tributary habitat on
public and private land. Alternative 2 places equal effort in
improving habitat on private and public lands.
Alternative 5: A combination
of strategies that do not include breeching but propose increasing spring and
summer mainstem flows, improving hatcheries, and emphasis on improving
tributary habitat on public lands. Alternative 5 emphasizes habitat
actions on public lands over private lands.
Alternative 6: A combination
of strategies that do not include breeching but propose increasing juvenile
transportation, reducing spring flows, increasing summer flows, improving
hatcheries and emphasis on improving tributary habitat on public lands. Alternative 6 requires the same amount
of effort as Alternative 5 does for public lands but significantly less on
public lands
Average Abundance Rank:
Bayesian belief network
(BBN): A
model that depicts the probability of events or conditions based on causal
relations such as between habitats and species; uses a form of Bayesian
statistics.
Beverton-Holt model: A
generally accepted stock-recruitment model that can be used to determine
harvest and stock size for semelparous species such as Pacific salmon.
Beverton-Holt formulation:
see Beverton-Holt functions
Beverton-Holt functions:
The mathematical formulas that describe the relationships between fish
survival, productivity, fecundity and abundance.
biodiversity:
the variety of life and its processes; includes components of structure,
function, and process of species, communities, ecosystems, and other levels of
biological organization
biodiversity, productivity, and resource-use
sustainability (BPS): three potential goals for managing for
ecological integrity under ecosystem management.
Biological Objectives:
Target levels set by the Framework process for: numbers of individuals
(fish or wildlife population sizes), amount of habitat types and attributes,
and functional attributes.
biological performance: The ability of a watershed to support and
sustain life as measured by productivity, capacity and life history diversity
of diagnostic species.
biological performance response:
The predicted change in biological performance as the result of
implementing a particular alternative for environmental management.
Bio-Rules: Translate knowledge about the environment
into knowledge, or operating hypotheses, about species response. They describe
the suitability of the environment for species performance. BioRules address
two aspects of performance: productivity and capacity.
carcass stage:
The final stage of a salmon life when the animal dies.
Closely Associated:
Wildlife habitat types or structural conditions that play an essential
need in supporting a wildlife species in its overall maintenance and viability;
as used in the SHP database.
community: The array of species,
and their ecological interactions, existing in a particular environment and
geographic area.
community richness: An
EDT Level 2 ecological attribute referring to the number of species in a
particular area.
confidence rating: An evaluation
of the overall strength of scientific evidence that describes wildlife habitat
relationships.
CRiSP Model 4: The Columbia River Salmon Passage model
used for the Columbia River mainstem. It calculates fish survival and movement
through the hydroelectric system. EDT
used some of the data sets developed for this model.
current condition: see
Current Potential
Current Potential: The
likely array of aquatic and terrestrial environmental conditions over the most
recent decade, as depicted at a relatively coarse level of geographic
resolution.
Ecological Work Group: A
group within the Framework process responsible for scientific analysis of the
policy alternatives
Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU): A combination of Distinct Population
Segments that are collectively protected by the Endangered Species Act.
ecosystem: The set of species
and biological communities, including all biotic and abiotic factors and their
interactions, existing in a particular environment and geographic area.
EDT
approach: A science-based
approach to formalizing and analyzing actions to improve the sustainability and
production of migratory salmon. The approach integrates the quality and
quantity of habitat across the salmon life cycle. It estimates the ability of
the environment to support a population in terms of abundance, productivity,
and life history diversity.
effectiveness:
The extent that an attribute might be expected to change under a
strategy.
effectiveness monitoring:
Determining the degree to which the biological system responds to
management activities as expected.
embeddedness:
Degree to which large particles (boulders, rubble, gravel) are
surrounded or covered by fine sediment, usually measured in classes according
to percent coverage.
environmental attributes: Conditions in the environment that are
used by EDT to evaluate the quality of habitat. They can be abiotic (water
temperature) or biotic (i.e., community diversity).
Fall redistribution: An
early-fall movement of yearling salmon into new territory in the freshwater
environment.
Framework strategies:
Strategies are actions that might be implemented to manage a watershed;
strategy blocks are suites of actions that comprise an alternative.
freshwater rearing stage: The salmon life history stage following
fry colonization. Fish are largely stationary and activities are mainly focused
on feeding and growth.
functional analysis:
The name given to our evaluation of the ecological roles of fish and
wildlife.
functional attributes:
Categories of key ecological functions.
functional richness:
The number of categories of key ecological functions present in a
particular biological community.
functional web:
The array of key ecological functions and the various species performed
by them, in a community, along with ecological links among species and between
species and their habitats.
Future Potential:
Conditions in the basin assuming alternative management strategies have
been implemented. These strategies predict changes in attributes that have the
potential to improve salmon performance over the next 100 years.
Generally Associated:
Habitat types or structural conditions that play a supportive role for a
species overall maintenance and viability; as used in the SHP database.
habitat attributes:
See key environmental correlates (KECs); term used in the SHP wildlife
database; refers to specific substrates and other aspects of a species'
environment at spatial scales of resolution finer than those of habitat types
and vegetation structural conditions.
habitat capacity:
Habitat quality times habitat area, similar to the Habitat Unit in the
Habitat Evaluation Procedure.
Habitat Condition Index (HCI):
The Framework term used for habitat capacity in the wildlife analyses.
historic condition:
See Historic Potential.
Historic Potential:
Conditions in the basin that likely existed about 150 years ago (prior
to non-native human influences).
HUC: Hydrologic unit code; refers to a strictly
hierarchical mapping of water containment units conducted by US Geological
Survey. Levels in the hierarchy are
denoted by numbers, including the following:
4-HUC = subbasin, 5-HUC = watershed; 6-HUC = subwatershed.
h-VSP analysis: A
viable salmon population model that includes habitat conditions. This model,
once used by the National Marine Fisheries Service, has been superceded by more
recent habitat-based salmon population models.
ICBEMP: Interior Columbia
Basin Ecosystem Management Project; of USDI Bureau of Land Management and USDA
Forest Service.
incubation stage:
The period of the salmon life cycle from egg fertilization until
hatching.
intensity: Framework intensity
scores indicate the extent of implementation for management strategies;
intensity scores modify effectiveness ratings by specifying full or reduced
effectiveness.
interstitial space:
The space between the material (e.g., sand, gravel, cobbles) that
comprise the spawning substrate in streams.
juvenile migration timing:
The time during the salmon life cycle when juvenile fish either
redistribute into fresh water or start their movement to the ocean.
key ecological functions (KEF):
The major ecological roles played by a species in its ecosystem.
key environmental correlate (KEC): An
aspect of a species' environment finer in scale than major vegetation or habitat
type; includes specific habitat substrates and also non-habitat aspects of a
species' environment, such as noise, effects of other species, etc. See also
Environmental Attributes.
Life History Diversity:
the multitude of life history pathways (temporally and spatially
connected sequences life history segments) available for the species to
complete its life cycle.
life history pattern: a
collection of similar trajectories, as applied in the EDT analytical model.
management activities: In
the SHP wildlife database, refers to a set of general categories of management
actions that might influence habitats for wildlife; extended to fish in this
report.
Manning's equation: A formulation used by hydrologists to
assess sheer forces in rivers. This report used this equation to determine the wetted
channel width.
Moderate worldview: An intermediate world view that reflects
likely outcomes when only a portion of the assumptions in the Technical
Optimistic and Technical Pessimistic world views actually occur.
Multi-Species Framework: A
process conceived by the Northwest Power Planning Council to analyze strategic
choices associated with fish and wildlife recovery in the Columbia Basin.
natural stream flow:
Flow without consideration of any upstream diversion or regulation.
nutrient load: A Level 1 Environmental Attribute used by
EDT. Denotes the monthly concentration of nutrients such as nitrate and
phosphorous.
ocean type: The portion of a salmon population that moves to the ocean in
their first year of life.
original source: The reference or study that is the source
of empirical data.
PATH: Plan for Analyzing and Testing Hypotheses. The PATH members
use a variety of modeling tools to address questions related to salmon recovery
in the Columbia Basin.
population carrying capacity:
The theoretical maximum size of a population that can be sustained by
specific environmental conditions and resources present in a particular area.
population productivity: A term used by fish biologists to express
the growth rate of a population. This term does not address density dependence.
population: The set of
interbreeding organisms of a particular species existing in a particular area.
potential future performance:
see Future Potential
Present: The habitat types or
structural conditions provides marginal support to a species overall
maintenance and viability; as used in the SHP database.
productivity:
see Population Productivity.
redd construction:
The process of making a spawning nest in the gravel bed of a river by
salmon or steelhead.
Resident fish: Fish
that spend their entire life cycle in freshwater. For program purposes,
resident fish include landlocked anadromous fish (e.g., white sturgeon, kokanee
and coho), as well as traditionally defined resident fish species.
Ricker model: A
density-dependent population model developed by fisheries biologist W.E. Ricker
to describe the relationship between recruits and spawners or total offspring
for various population sizes.
Ricker recruitment curves:
Graphical representations of the results/outputs (e.g., recruitment
function) from a Ricker model.
runoff: Defines the amount of
flow generated from each 6-HUC unit into the stream network; runoff was
estimated from the Distributed Hydrologic Soils Vegetation Model (DHSVM).
saltwater rearing stage: The portion of a salmon life cycle when
they live in the ocean.
sediment load: A Level 1 environmental attribute
considered in the EDT modeling process. It refers to the mean monthly
concentration of fine sediments in the water.
sinuosity: The amount of
bending, winding and curving in a stream or river.
sinuosity index: A
category used to describe the degree a stream bends, winds or curves.
spawning stage:
The portion of a salmon life cycle when fish release and fertilize eggs
species assemblage:
The set of species occurring in a particular area without regard to
their ecological interactions (see Community).
Species Habitat Project (SHP) database: A
database on wildlife in Oregon and Washington, from the Species-Habitat Project
(Johnson and O'Neil 2001).
Spring dispersal: Refers to the initial movement of fry
during the spring months.
Spring-Fall dispersal: Refers to the combined movement in the
spring and subsequent redistribution movements of salmon that remain in fresh
water for one year.
stream type: The portion of a salmon population that
remains in fresh water for a year.
survival landscape: A conceptual term used by EDT modelers to
convey the idea that salmon survival and abundance is influenced by a mix of
environmental attributes that varies depending on where the fish occurs in the
basin. This report considers each 6-HUC to be a survival landscape.
sustainability:
The ability to maintain diversity, productivity, resilience to stress,
health, renewability, and/or yields of desired values, resources, uses,
products, or services from an ecosystem while also maintaining the integrity of
the ecosystem over time.
Technology Optimistic worldview: Assumes that strategies for fish recovery
that emphasize technology will be successful.
Technology Pessimistic worldview: Assumes that strategies for fish recovery
that do not emphasize technology will be successful.
The 4-Hs: Habitat, Hydro, Harvest and Hatcheries.
total functional diversity:
The full array of all categories of key ecological functions (KEFs) of
wildlife species in a particular area or community, along with the relative
redundancy (number of species) of each KEF category.
trajectories:
Multiple pathways generated by a Trajectory Generator module, in the EDT
analytical model.
Trajectory Generator module: Component of EDT software that creates a
life history pathway (i.e., trajectory) that a single fish will follow. Many
trajectories are generated for each EDT analysis.
translation examples: Formulas and functions used by the
Ecological Work Group to convert Level 2 ecological attributes to Level 3
biological performance.
validation monitoring:
Monitoring studies that seek to test the major underlying assumptions
about how a biological system operates.
water temperatures: Level 2 ecological attributes used in the
EDT modeling process. The temperature of water is evaluated as a daily maximum,
a daily minimum and as surface water is influenced by inputs of ground water.
water velocity: A measure of how fast water flows. Natural
flow is an EDT Level 1 environmental attribute. Water velocity is estimated in
this report using Manning's Equation.
wildlife habitat relationships (WHR):
General term referring to species-specific depictions of habitats and
environmental features that influence the distribution and abundance of
wildlife species.
wildlife population performance:
Measured by the Habitat Condition Index that addresses habitat capacity.
worldview: A concept describing how a biological system operates that used in this report to assess uncertainty of the fish results for each of the three alternatives analyzed.