| >70 percent cover in total cover {shrub (<3 m) and subcanopy (>3m) layers} | Yellow Warbler |
| >70% cover should be native species | Yellow Warbler |
| 1,000 natural adults | Steelhead |
| a low percentage of agricultural land use | Yellow Warbler |
| Ability to build lodges | American Beaver |
| Abundance of aquatic and emergent vegetation during the growing season | Oregon Spotted Frog |
| Access to feeding areas during nesting – Study of 515 nest sites showed the average distance to the nearest feeding meadow was 40 m (131 ft) | Greater Sandhill Crane |
| Acorns important in winter and early spring | Western Gray Squirrel |
| Adequate food sources | Western Gray Squirrel |
| Adequate habitat (stated above) is necessary for repeated occupation | Flammulated Owl |
| Adequate habitat within home range: In Klickitat County 95% home ranges from 10-187 ha (mean 73 ha) for males and 3-44 ha (mean 21 ha) for females | Western Gray Squirrel |
| Adequate snag retention for nesting with snags that are > 20 in. diameter at breast height (dbh) and average > 16 ft high. The snags should be capable of supporting cavities 11 to 12 in. deep with a depth of 8.4 in. | Flammulated Owl |
| Bunchgrass >25 cm tall | Grasshopper Sparrow |
| Combined annual harvest = 14,000 | Fall Chinook |
| combined average annual harvest (ocean, Columbia River, and Klickitat Basin) of 14,000 | Coho |
| Construct, maintain and operate a specialized research environment to test the hypothesis. | All aquatic focal species |
| Contiguous canopy cover (mean = 60%) | Western Gray Squirrel |
| Core areas are near, or adjacent to clearings of 10-80% brush cover | Flammulated Owl |
| Create and maintain passage at mill site | All aquatic focal species |
| Create habitats that provide the functional attributes of grasslands. | Grasshopper Sparrow |
| Decrease density of brush within wetland meadows. | |
| Decrease fragmentation of habitat, to restore connectivity of populations and historic migration routes, within and between subbasins | All terrestrial focal species |
| Decrease sources of fine sediment | All aquatic focal species |
| Decrease stand density of ponderosa pine. | |
| Decrease stem density of ponderosa pine. | |
| Decreasing density of brush within wetland meadows, important for greater sandhill crane breeding habitat and forage. | Greater Sandhill Crane |
| Diameter at breast height (21-58 cm, mean = 40 cm; 8.2-22.6 in, mean = 15.7 in) | Western Gray Squirrel |
| Edge and small patch size (heterogeneity) | Yellow Warbler |
| Eliminate bullfrogs from further invasion of montane wetlands and control current invasions. | Oregon Spotted Frog |
| Fertilize streams with artificial carcasses | All aquatic focal species |
| Herbaceous plants include aspen, willow, cottonwood, alder) and aquatic vegetation | American Beaver |
| high degree of deciduous riparian heterogeneity within or among wetland, shrub, and woodland patches | Yellow Warbler |
| Home Range: 333 acres – predominantly old growth habitat, and 720 acres – fragmented habitat | White-Headed Woodpecker |
| Implement sustainable agricultural and forest practices, improve road management. Improve watershed management | All aquatic focal species |
| Improve flow, cover, available habitat, and habitat diversity to reduce potential for predation by native birds. | All aquatic focal species |
| Improve grazing management | All aquatic focal species |
| Improve passage opportunities at Dead Canyon | All aquatic focal species |
| Improve passage percentage at Lyle Fish Ladder | All aquatic focal species |
| Improve upstream passage opportunities at falls | All aquatic focal species |
| In areas of inappropriate grazing, improve grassland vegetation and microbiotic crusts. | |
| Increase abundance of salmonid populations to reduce proportion of predation due to native sp | All aquatic focal species |
| Increase abundance of salmonid populations to reduce proportion of predation due to native sp. | All aquatic focal species |
| Increase available habitat in mainstem floodplains, especially urbanized floodplains. Reduce conflicts with infrastructure, set population targets based on desired functions and population connectivity. | American Beaver |
| Increase average dbh and decrease understory density. | |
| Increase extent and distribution of perennial habitat | All aquatic focal species |
| Increase floodplain and channel roughness | All aquatic focal species |
| Increase kelt survival and repeat spawner success. Increase steelhead productivity. | Steelhead |
| Increase large woody debris presence in riparian area. | |
| Increase presence of native plants in their historical distribution and reduce exotic plant distributions | All aquatic focal species |
| Increase presence of native plants in their historical distribution and reduce exotic plant distributions | All terrestrial focal species |
| Increase quality and quantity of habitat for yellow warblers. | Yellow Warbler |
| Increase quality habitat for grasshopper sparrow. | Grasshopper Sparrow |
| Increase quality of flammulated owl habitat. | Flammulated Owl |
| Increase quality of Oregon spotted frog habitat. | Oregon Spotted Frog |
| Increase quality of western gray squirrel habitat. | Western Gray Squirrel |
| Increase quality of white-headed woodpecker habitat. | White-Headed Woodpecker |
| Increase quantity and quality of reduced and degraded habitat to amounts that will sustain native fish and wildlife species | All aquatic focal species |
| Increase quantity and quality of reduced and degraded habitat to amounts that will sustain native fish and wildlife species | All terrestrial focal species |
| Increase quantity of flammulated habitat. | Flammulated Owl |
| Increase quantity of habitat for grasshopper sparrow. | Grasshopper Sparrow |
| Increase quantity of habitat for Oregon spotted frogs. | Oregon Spotted Frog |
| Increase quantity of western gray squirrel habitat. | Western Gray Squirrel |
| Increase quantity of white-headed woodpecker habitat. | White-Headed Woodpecker |
| Increase reduced populations of native fish and wildlife to sustainable sizes | All aquatic focal species |
| Increase reduced populations of native fish and wildlife to sustainable sizes | All terrestrial focal species |
| Increase run sizes | All aquatic focal species |
| Increase run sizes, Implement hatchery and harvest practices that do not decrease fitness, run size, timing | All aquatic focal species |
| Increase sinuosity, increase channel roughness | All aquatic focal species |
| Increase upstream passage at falls | All aquatic focal species |
| Increase winter minima and decrease summer maxima temperatures | All aquatic focal species |
| Increased adult survival at mainstem Columbia dams for repeat spawners. | Steelhead |
| Large unbroken patches >40 ha (100 ac) | Grasshopper Sparrow |
| Large, connected wetlands and riparian habitats | Oregon Spotted Frog |
| Limit expansion of invasive non-native plants and reduce occurrence. | |
| Low stream channel gradient | American Beaver |
| Low tree density, mean 116 trees per acre | White-Headed Woodpecker |
| Maintain barrier to predator species at Lyle Falls | All aquatic focal species |
| Maintain current ephemeral wetlands in natural condition and where possible restore disturbed areas to natural function. | |
| Maintain passage | All aquatic focal species |
| Maintain population (minimum need); determine recovery criteria | Bull Trout |
| Mature and old-growth ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests | White-Headed Woodpecker |
| Mild or no annual or seasonal water level fluctuations | American Beaver |
| Moderately deep litter and sparse coverage of woody vegetation | Grasshopper Sparrow |
| Nest tree age (69-275 yr, mean = 108 yr) | Western Gray Squirrel |
| Nesting home range size recommendations vary from 26 acres to 35 acres | Flammulated Owl |
| Objective 1. Increase spring chinook returns, harvest, and natural escapement as follows: | Spring Chinook |
| Objective 1. Leave current production numbers unchanged at 4 million. | Fall Chinook |
| Objective 1. Rebuild natural populations of steelhead in the Klickitat subbasin. | Steelhead |
| Objective 1. Reduce efforts to establish a natural run of coho in the Klickitat subbasin. | Coho |
| Objective 2. Distribute fall chinook spawning throughout the lower Klickitat subbasin. | Fall Chinook |
| Objective 2. Implement methods to improve the fitness of the spring chinook population. | Spring Chinook |
| Objective 2. Maximize survival of coho releases to ensure continuation of substantial returns of coho to Columbia and Klickitat river fisheries. | Coho |
| Objective 2. Monitor and evaluate ecological interactions. | Steelhead |
| Objective 3. Maintain a combined average annual harvest (ocean, Columbia River, and Klickitat basin) of approximately 14,000 coho. | Coho |
| Objective 3. Monitor and evaluate factors that will help to determine whether goals and objectives are being achieved. | Fall Chinook |
| Objective 3. Monitor and evaluate survival, life history, and habitat use. | Spring Chinook |
| Objective 4. Monitor and evaluate ecological interactions. | Spring Chinook |
| Objective 4. Monitor and evaluate factors that will help to determine whether goals and objectives are being achieved. | Coho |
| Objective 5. Monitor and evaluate the genetic changes in the spring chinook population, both hatchery and naturally produced. | Spring Chinook |
| Objective 6. Monitor in-basin and Columbia River harvest of Klickitat-origin spring chinook. | Spring Chinook |
| Old growth, or late seral, forests. The owls' preference appears to be for forests over 100 years old, and the highest densities are in 140-200 year old stands. In that habitat the uppermost canopy layer is formed by trees ≥ 200 years old | Flammulated Owl |
| Operate and Maintain fishladder for passage above Castile Falls | All aquatic focal species |
| Optimal breeding areas, or oviposition sites that include shallow water, often 2–12 in (5–30 cm) deep, emergent wetlands, clear, oxygenated water, emergent wetlands within forested landscapes | Oregon Spotted Frog |
| Overall Goal. While improving the fitness of the target stock, increase the number of returning spring chinook adults that result from both artificial and natural production, which will serve to increase harvest. Consistent with the regional goal of doubling salmon returns, the goal is to at least double the annual river mouth return, harvest, and escapement from current levels. | Spring Chinook |
| Overall Goal: Enhance natural populations of steelhead throughout the subbasin utilizing supplementation and kelt reconditioning. | Steelhead |
| Overall Goal: Focus the Klickitat coho program on harvest augmentation, with a combined annual average harvest (ocean, Columbia River, and Klickitat basin) of approximately 14,000 coho, while releasing in-basin production capacity for priority species (spring chinook and steelhead). | Coho |
| Overall Goal: Maintain the Klickitat fall chinook program for harvest augmentation, with a combined annual average harvest (ocean, Columbia River, and Klickitat basin) of 14,000 fish. | Fall Chinook |
| Patches of dense vegetation for roosting | Flammulated Owl |
| Permanent source of water | American Beaver |
| Pine cones and seeds in late summer and fall | Western Gray Squirrel |
| Presence of food and building source | American Beaver |
| Protect remaining deep-soil shrub steppe / grassland sites. | |
| Protect remaining riparian areas from excessive logging. | |
| Provide adequate culturing facilities in the Klickitat Basin to achieve supplementation goals: Wahkiacus | All aquatic focal species |
| Provide Monitoring and Evaluation of passage effectiveness with radio telemetery, video monitoring, and pit tag detection at Castile Falls fishladder | All aquatic focal species |
| Provide quality habitat for deer. | Black Tailed Deer |
| Provide quality habitat for deer. | Mule deer |
| Provide suitable habitat for beaver where they were historically found. | American Beaver |
| Recommendations also vary regarding large, decayed snags for nesting and roosting: mean average = 51.5 cm dbh, 39.6 cm dbh; mean of 5 snags per acre over 21 in. dbh, for nesting, and mean of 1.4 per acre > 8 in. dbh with > 50% > 25 in. dbh in a moderate to advanced state of decay | White-Headed Woodpecker |
| Reconnect 100% of floodplain side channels in this Assessment Unit | All aquatic focal species |
| Reduce damage to wetland habitat from timber activities. | |
| Reduce damage to wetland hydrology from road presence. | |
| Reduce damage to wetland plants and soil from ORV traffic. | |
| Reduce damage to wetland vegetation from excessive grazing, and water quality due to inappropriate management of livestock grazing. | |
| Reduce distribution of coho within subbasin(underway); reduce total numbers of coho above Lyle (underway) | Coho |
| Reduce distribution of coho within subbasin(underway); reduce total numbers of coho above Lyle(underway) | All aquatic focal species |
| Reduce distribution of coho within subbasin(underway); reduce total numbers of coho above Lyle(underway) | Coho |
| Reduce disturbance to nesting pairs during sensitive nesting season (April 1 – August 10). | Greater Sandhill Crane |
| Reduce fine sediment inputs | All aquatic focal species |
| Reduce Habitat suitability for predatory non-native fish | All aquatic focal species |
| Reduce livestock disturbance to nesting sandhill crane pairs and fledglings. | Greater Sandhill Crane |
| Reduce mortality of food base (insects), needed by flammulated owls, from chemical applications. | Flammulated Owl |
| Reduce mortality of food base (insects), needed by yellow warblers, from chemical applications. | Yellow Warbler |
| Reduce non-native fish predator population levels in Mainstem Col | All aquatic focal species |
| Reduce non-native species presence and reestablish native plant communities. | |
| Reduce off road vehicle damage in high trespass areas. | |
| Reduce population levels in Mainstem Col | All aquatic focal species |
| Reduce pressure to western gray squirrels from California ground squirrels. | Western Gray Squirrel |
| Reduce Summer High Temperatures | All aquatic focal species |
| Reduce summer highTemperatures | All aquatic focal species |
| Reduce Temp to near presettlement conditions | All aquatic focal species |
| Reduce Temp to near pre-settlement conditions | All aquatic focal species |
| Reduced nonnative predators | All aquatic focal species |
| Re-establish and/or enhance native vegetation within floodplain | All aquatic focal species |
| Relocate floodplain infrastructure, roads; improve maintenance, rehabilitate, decommission as approriate | All aquatic focal species |
| Remove encroaching conifers from meadows. | |
| Restore and protect remaining riparian areas from conversion. | |
| Restore beaver populations to historical levels. | American Beaver |
| Restore ecologically functional floodplain / riparian wetland habitats. | |
| Restore fish populations such that escapement is sufficient in number to provide adequate carcasses. | All aquatic focal species |
| Restore habitats that provide the functional attributes of shrub steppe and grasslands. | |
| Restore historical beaver populations. | American Beaver |
| Restore historical hydrologic regime | All aquatic focal species |
| Restore historical hydrologic regime and Increase extent and distribution of perennial habitat | All aquatic focal species |
| Restore hydrologic regimes | All aquatic focal species |
| Restore indigenous population abundance, productivity and spatial distribution to viable, harvestable and sustainable levels over the next 30 years. | All aquatic focal species |
| Restore native plant communities. | |
| Restore native riparian tree and shrub habitats degraded by inappropriate grazing. | |
| Restore native riparian tree and shrub habitats necessary for fish and wildlife habitat on the degraded river and tributary areas. | |
| Restore native riparian tree and shrub habitats necessary for fish and wildlife habitat on the degraded river and tributary areas. | Greater Sandhill Crane |
| Restore riparian habitat quality by increasing native vegetation in degraded riparian habitat. | |
| Restore Spring Chinook population abundance, productivity and spatial distribution to viable, harvestable and sustainable levels over the next 30 years. | Spring Chinook |
| Restore steelhead population abundance, productivity and spatial distribution to viable, harvestable and sustainable levels over the next 30 years. | Steelhead |
| Restore stream channel planform and roughness, restore water table, repair stream banks, restore riparian vegetation and reconnect floodplain. | |
| Restore viable P. Pine populations to upstream Riparian Zones over the next 20 years (upper forest ) | All aquatic focal species |
| Restore viable P. Pine populations to upstream Riparian Zones over the next 20 years (upper forest) | All aquatic focal species |
| Restore viable P. Pine populations to upstream Riparian Zones over the next 20 years; in upper elevations restore to other native stands | All aquatic focal species |
| Restore yellow warbler population numbers to historic levels. | Yellow Warbler |
| Restore/supplement fish populations such that escapement is sufficient in number to provide adequate carcasses. | All aquatic focal species |
| Retain decadent and other important wildlife trees. | Flammulated Owl |
| Retain decadent and other important wildlife trees. | Western Gray Squirrel |
| Retain decadent and other important wildlife trees. | White-Headed Woodpecker |
| Retain existing tracts of late seral forests and reduce future fragmentation. | |
| Retain late seral stands and large decadent trees. | |
| return number = 5,000-10,000, harvest = 35-40% annually, less than 50% of fish returning would be available for escapement | Spring Chinook |
| Security from disturbance, isolation | Greater Sandhill Crane |
| Shrub cover <10% | Grasshopper Sparrow |
| Shrub layer cover 30-60 percent of total cover (includes shrubs and small saplings), height >2m | Yellow Warbler |
| Slow stream flow, restore water table, repair stream banks, restore riparian vegetation and reconnect floodplain. | |
| Slow water flow | American Beaver |
| Sparse understory vegetation, increased height of first canopy layer | White-Headed Woodpecker |
| Stream channel gradients of 6 percent or less have optimum value as beaver habitat; streams of 15 percent or more are uninhabitable | American Beaver |
| Study specific habitat relationships for lamprey. Implement habitat restoration actions under Subbasin Plan. | Pacific Lamprey |
| Subcanopy layer contributing >40 percent of the total cover | Yellow Warbler |
| Suitably warm summer water temperatures (>68º F) | Oregon Spotted Frog |
| Surrounding trees and shrubs present, but not heavily encroaching | Greater Sandhill Crane |
| Traditional nesting areas available for reuse | Greater Sandhill Crane |
| Tree size > 20 in. dbh | Flammulated Owl |
| Undisturbed patches (exotic grass detrimental; vulnerable in agricultural habitats from mowing, spraying, etc.) | Grasshopper Sparrow |
| Uneven-aged forests | Flammulated Owl |
| Utilize silviculture to enhance degraded riparian areas. | |
| Varying mean canopy closure recommendations include: 56%, 10-40% and nesting may not occur in stands with > 26% canopy cover | White-Headed Woodpecker |
| Varying recommendations on average dbh (diameter at breast height): 10 trees per acre over 20 in. dbh and two trees per acre over 28 in.; mean of 10 trees per acre >21 in. dbh, at least 2 trees per acre > 31 in. dbh; nine trees over 27 in. dbh per acre; mean 28 in., and mean of 1.1 trees per acre of 31 in. dbh, for nesting | White-Headed Woodpecker |
| Vegetation complexity that includes Bunchgrass cover >15% and
>60% total grass cover | Grasshopper Sparrow |
| Vegetation: approx. mean height 37.3 cm (14.5 in) | Greater Sandhill Crane |
| Vegetative complexity with multi-layered canopies and openings of up to five acres | Flammulated Owl |
| Vegetative composition dominated by native bunchgrasses | Grasshopper Sparrow |
| Water depth: average 25.8 cm (10 in) | Greater Sandhill Crane |
| Within 180 m (600 ft) of water | Western Gray Squirrel |
| Woody stems cut by beavers are usually less than 7.6 to 10.1 cm (3 to 4 inches) dbh | American Beaver |
